The Butterfly Effect
原文
Lesson 14
The Butterfly Effect
Why do small errors make it impossible to predict the weather system with a high degree of accuracy?
Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative,
and beyond six or seven they are worthless.
The Butterfly Effect is the reason.
For small pieces of weather--
and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards--
any prediction deteriorates rapidly.
Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features,
from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.
The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart,
and even so, some starting data has to be guessed,
since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere.
But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart,
rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere.
Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature,
pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want.
Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point
at 12.01, then 12.02, then 12.03...
The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away.
At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about,
tiny deviations from the average.
By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away.
Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.
译文
第14课
蝴蝶效应
为什么微小的误差会导致无法高精度地预测天气系统呢?
超过六七天之后,它们就毫无价值了。
超过六七个之后,它们就毫无价值了。
这就是“蝴蝶效应”的原因。
对于那些微小的、局部的天气变化(或现象)……
对于全球天气预报员来说,“小”可能指雷暴和暴风雪。
任何预测的结果都会迅速恶化(或:任何预测的准确性都会迅速下降)。
误差和不确定性会成倍增加,通过一连串湍流特征向上扩散,
从尘旋和小型风暴,到只有卫星才能观测到的、覆盖整个大陆范围的巨大涡旋……
现代天气模型使用的是间距约60英里的网格点,
即便如此,一些初始数据仍需推测,
因为地面站和卫星无法覆盖所有区域。
但是,假设地球表面能够被安装上间距为 1 英尺(约 30 厘米)的传感器……
并以1英尺的间隔一直延伸到大气层顶部。
假设每个传感器都能提供完全准确的温度读数……
压力、湿度,以及气象学家可能需要的任何其他气象参数。
正午时分,一台性能无限的计算机采集所有数据,计算每个点在
12点01分,然后是12点02分,接着是12点03分……
计算机仍无法预测一个月后新泽西州普林斯顿是晴天还是雨天。
正午时分,传感器之间的空隙会隐藏计算机不知道的波动,
这些是相对于平均值的微小偏差。
到12点01分,这些波动已经会在1英尺外造成小误差。
很快误差会扩大到10英尺范围,并以此类推,直到覆盖全球。