The longest suspension bridge

原文

Lesson 17

The longest suspension bridge in the world

How is the bridge supported?

Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme.

He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.'

Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal,

for on November 21st, 1964, the longest suspension bridge in the world was named after him.

The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.

It has a span of 4, 260 feet.

The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer.

Two great towers support four huge cables.

The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete.

The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea.

These alone took sixteen months to build.

Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet.

They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended.

Each of the four cables contains 26, 108 lengths of wire.

It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity.

However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge.

Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant,

fulfilling its designer's dream to creat 'an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible'.

译文

第17课

世界上最长的悬索桥

这座桥是如何被支撑起来的?

维拉扎诺(Verrazano)是一位鲜为人知的意大利人。他在1524年航行至纽约港,并将其命名为“昂古莱姆”(Angouleme)。

他将其描述为“一个非常宜人的地方,位于两座小山之间;这两座小山中间流淌着一条大河。”

虽然维拉扎诺绝不能被视为一位伟大的探险家,但他的名字很可能会永垂不朽。

因为在1964年11月21日,世界上最长的悬索桥被以他的名字命名。

维拉扎诺大桥(Verrazano Bridge)由奥特马尔·阿曼(Othmar Ammann)设计,它连接了布鲁克林(Brooklyn)和斯塔滕岛(Staten Island)。

它的跨度为 4,260 英尺。

这座桥非常长,以至于设计者必须考虑到地球的曲率。

两座高大的塔架支撑着四根巨大的缆绳。

这些塔架建在巨大的水下平台上,这些平台由钢铁和混凝土制成。

这些平台延伸至海面下100英尺以上的深度。

仅这些部分的建设就花费了十六个月的时间。

在水面之上,这些塔楼的高度接近700英尺。

它们支撑着悬挂着桥梁的缆绳。

这四根缆绳中的每一根都包含26,108股钢丝。

据估计,即使这座桥上挤满了汽车,它所承载的重量也仅相当于其总承载能力的三分之一。

然而,这座桥的重要性并不仅仅体现在它的规模和承重能力上。

尽管它规模庞大,但它却既简洁又优雅。

实现了设计师的梦想:创造出一个“尽可能轻描淡写地勾勒出的庞然大物”。

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词汇表

sailed

动词
英:/seɪld/
美:/seɪld/
定义
1. 航行 - To travel on water in a ship or boat.

例子: The explorers sailed across the ocean to discover new lands.

例子: They sailed from Europe to America in the 16th century.

2. 滑行 - To move smoothly and steadily through the air or over land.

例子: The kite sailed high in the wind.

例子: The car sailed down the highway at high speed.

近义词
navigated: 强调使用导航工具或技能,通常用于更技术性的语境,而 'sailed' 更侧重于船只运动。
voyaged: 暗示更长的旅程或冒险,'sailed' 则更一般化,不一定涉及远行。
cruised: 常用于休闲或巡航式的旅行,'sailed' 可能更正式或历史性。
反义词:
anchored, docked, remained
用法
常用于描述水上旅行或平滑运动,常见搭配如 'sail into'(驶入),语境多为历史、冒险或日常描述。
形式:
过去式: sailed, 现在分词: sailing, 第三人称单数: sails, 复数形式(作为名词): sails

关键句型 "The bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island."

定义

这个句型是一个带有非限定性相对从句的复杂句结构。基本形式为:主句 + 逗号 + which/who/whom + 从句,其中 which 指代事物,用于提供额外信息,而不改变主句含义。参考《剑桥英语语法》,这种结构常用于描述性文章中,增强句子的连贯性和细节。根据权威资源如《牛津现代英语语法》,非限定性相对从句以逗号分隔,提供非必需的补充信息,使句子更生动。

它帮助学习者构建更丰富的描述性语言,避免简单句的单调。

用法

此句型主要用于添加关于主句主语的额外描述,常出现在叙述历史事件或描述物体时。规则:which 后跟一个完整的从句,通常以动词开头,且从句不能独立存在。语法体系中,它属于从句类型,与限定性相对从句(如 "that" 引导的)形成对比。横向比较:与限定性相对从句(如 "The book that I read is interesting")不同,非限定性相对从句提供可有可无的信息,如果省略不会影响主句理解;与简单句相比,它增加了复杂性,但更接近正式写作。

跨语法联系:它常与被动语态结合(如本例中的 "was designed"),或与其他从句如时间从句(e.g., "when")联动,帮助构建更长的段落。同时,与形容词短语(如 "designed by Othmar Ammann")比较,此句型更正式且信息量大。

在实际应用中,此句型适合文章、报告或故事中,提供背景细节。

注意事项

学生容易犯的错误包括:误用逗号,导致句子歧义(如忘记逗号,使其变成限定性从句);或错误选择关系代词(如用 "that" 代替 "which",因为 "that" 通常用于限定性从句)。纠正建议:练习时,确保 which 从句前后有逗号,并检查从句是否能独立移除。另一个常见问题是用错主语(如 "which was designed" 误写为 "which designed")。

例如:

错误示例:The bridge which was designed by Othmar Ammann joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.  // 缺少逗号,变成限定性从句
正确示例:The bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island.  // 逗号正确分隔

记住,保持句子平衡,避免从句过长以免混淆读者。

练习

一个原创例子:假设描述一座建筑,你可以说:"The museum, which was built in the 19th century, attracts thousands of visitors every year." 学生可以替换关键词,如将 "museum" 换成 "school",并修改从句为 "which was renovated last year",这样练习不同场景,例如:"The park, which was designed by a famous architect, is a popular spot for families."

通过这种替换,学生能加深对句型的灵活应用,并在日常写作中自然使用。

额外内容

背景知识:相对从句起源于古英语的从属结构,在现代英语中演变为连接复杂思想的工具,尤其在描述性写作中常见。对比分析:与中文的定语从句类似(如 "被Othmar Ammann设计的桥"),但英语使用关系代词更精确;与法语的相对从句相比,英语的非限定性从句更依赖逗号而非特殊连词。这有助于学生理解英语的句法多样性,并提升跨文化交流能力。

关键句型 "If the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity."

定义

这个句型是虚拟语气在条件句中的典型表达,用于讨论假设或 unreal 的情况。结构为:If + 主语 + were + 过去式/动词原形 + 逗号 + 主语 + would + 动词原形。根据《剑桥英语语法》,它表示与事实相反的假设,强调可能性或结果。权威资源如《牛津英语语法》解释,这种句型常用于表达愿望、建议或虚构场景,帮助学习者处理非真实条件。

它在英语中是表达假设的核心工具,适合描述 hypotheticals。

用法

此句型主要用于假设当前或过去的状况,常在科学、历史或日常对话中出现。规则:If 从句使用过去式或 "were"(即使主语是单数第三人称),主句用 would + 动词原形。在语法体系中,它属于条件句类型,与真实条件句(如 "If it rains, I will stay home")相对。横向比较:与第一类条件句(真实可能)不同,此句型是第二类(不现实假设),语气更委婉;与第三类条件句(如 "If I had known, I would have gone")相比,它聚焦于现在或一般情况,而非过去。

跨语法联系:它常与情态动词如 would 结合,并可扩展到混合条件句(e.g., mixing past and present)。学生可将其与其他假设表达如 "I wish" 联系起来,构建更全面的语法网络。

例如,在文章中,它突出工程奇迹的规模。

注意事项

学生常犯错误包括:混淆时态,如用 "If the bridge was packed" 代替 "were packed"(后者更正式,尤其在正式写作中);或遗漏 would 在主句,导致句子变成陈述句。纠正建议:记忆虚拟语气的固定模式,并通过练习区分不同条件句。另一个问题是过度使用,导致句子过于复杂;建议从简单假设开始。

例如:

错误示例:If the bridge is packed with cars, it would carry more.  // 混淆为真实条件句
正确示例:If the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity.  // 正确使用虚拟语气

注意语调,以免听起来太正式。

练习

一个原创例子:谈论交通时,你可以说:"If I were the mayor, I would build more bridges to reduce traffic." 学生可以替换关键词,如将 "mayor" 换成 "engineer",并修改为 "If the city were larger, it would need more public transport." 这样,学生能在实际场景如城市规划讨论中应用,例如:"If this road were wider, it would handle more vehicles."

替换练习能帮助学生内化句型,并在对话中自信表达假设。

额外内容

背景知识:虚拟语气源于古英语的亚junctive mood,在现代英语中用于礼貌和假设,特别是在英式英语中更常见。对比分析:与西班牙语的条件从句类似(如使用 "si fuera"),但英语更依赖助动词 "would";与中文的虚拟表达(如 "要是...就...")相比,英语结构更规范。这能丰富学生的文化认知,并鼓励他们在写作中探索更多假设场景。